Abbreviations
The lists below are read from the dictionary’s own taxonomies each time this page is loaded1 — the same files the editor validates entries against. A period or a text source added to the dictionary appears here without anyone having to remember a second place to write it down.
Periods are listed in chronological order, which is the order the taxonomy itself records and the order attestations are sorted in. Everything else is listed alphabetically by abbreviation.
Abbreviations for journals, series and frequently cited works are listed with the Bibliography, beside the works they stand for.
Periods and dialects43
- PS
- Presargonic (ca. 2650–2350 BCE)
- PS onward(s)
- Presargonic onwards (ca. 2650 BCE onwards)
- Ebla
- Ebla (ca. 2400–2300 BCE)
- Ebla onward(s)
- Ebla onwards (ca. 2400 BCE onwards)
- Ebla-Lit
- Literary texts from Ebla
- Ebla-Lex
- Lexical texts from Ebla
- OAkk
- Old Akkadian (ca. 2350–2100 BCE)
- OAkk onward(s)
- Old Akkadian onwards (ca. 2350 BCE onwards)
- OAkk-Lit
- Old Akkadian literary texts
- Ur III
- Ur III (ca. 2100–2000 BCE)
- Ur III onward(s)
- Ur III onwards (ca. 2100 BCE onwards)
- Ur III-Lit
- Ur III literary texts
- OA
- Old Assyrian (ca. 1900–1700 BCE)
- OA onward(s)
- Old Assyrian onwards (ca. 1900 BCE onwards)
- OA-Lit
- Old Assyrian literary texts
- OB
- Old Babylonian (ca. 2000–1600 BCE)
- OB onward(s)
- Old Babylonian onwards (ca. 2000 BCE onwards)
- OB-Lit
- Old Babylonian literary texts
- OB-Lex
- Old Babylonian lexical texts
- MA
- Middle Assyrian (ca. 1500–1000 BCE)
- MA onward(s)
- Middle Assyrian onwards (ca. 1500 BCE onwards)
- MA-Lit
- Middle Assyrian literary texts
- MA-Lex
- Middle Assyrian lexical texts
- MB
- Middle Babylonian (ca. 1600–1000 BCE)
- MB onward(s)
- Middle Babylonian onwards (ca. 1600 BCE onwards)
- MB-Lex
- Middle Babylonian lexical texts
- MB-Lit
- Middle Babylonian literary texts
- MB-Emar
- Middle Babylonian texts from Emar (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Nuzi
- Middle Babylonian texts from Nuzi (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Ugarit
- Middle Babylonian texts from Ugarit (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Bo.
- Middle Babylonian texts from Boğazköy/Hattuša (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Amar
- Middle Babylonian texts from Amarna (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Qaṭna
- Middle Babylonian texts from Qaṭna (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Ekalte
- Middle Babylonian texts from Ekalte (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- MB-Alalaḫ
- Middle Babylonian texts from Alalaḫ (ca. 1500–1200 BCE)
- SB
- Standard Babylonian (ca. 1000–0 BCE)
- SB-Lex
- Standard Babylonian lexical texts
- NA
- Neo Assyrian (ca. 1000–600 BCE)
- NB
- Neo Babylonian (ca. 1000–626 BCE)
- LB
- Late Babylonian (ca. 626 BCE – 100 CE)
- AP
- Attested in all periods
- Ass
- Assyrian dialect (all periods)
- Bab
- Babylonian dialect (all periods)
Text sources55
- Aa
- Á A = nâqu
- Adapa
- Adapa
- Alamdimmû
- Alamdimmû
- Alu
- Šumma ālu
- An (Syn.)
- An = Anum Synonym List
- AN = šamu
- AN = šamu
- Ana ittišu
- Ana ittišu
- Ant.
- Antagal
- Anzu
- Anzu
- Atr.
- Atra-ḫasīs
- Bīt rimki
- Bīt rimki
- Cat.
- Catalogue
- CH
- Codex Hammurapi
- Diri
- Diri
- Ea
- Ea A = nâqu
- EAE
- Enūma Anu Enlil
- Ee
- Enūma eliš
- Erim.
- Erimḫuš = anantu
- Erra
- Erra
- Etana
- Etana
- ext.
- Extispicy
- Gilg.
- Gilgameš Epic
- Hg
- ḪAR-gud
- Hh
- ḪAR-ra = ḫubullu
- Idu
- Á = idu
- Izi
- Izi = išātu
- Kagal
- Kagal = abullu
- Lam.
- Lamaštu
- Lanu
- Alan = lanu
- Lu
- Lu = ša
- Lu-azlag
- Lu-azlag
- Ludlul
- Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
- Lugal-e
- Lugal-e
- Malku
- Malku = šarru
- Maqlû
- Maqlû
- Marduk's Address
- Marduk's Address to the Demons
- Miš pî
- Miš pî
- Nabnītu
- Alan-sig₇ = nabnītu
- Namburbi
- Namburbi
- NBGT
- Neo Babylonian Grammatical Texts
- Nigga
- Nigga
- OBGT
- Old Babylonian Grammatical Texts
- PV
- Practical Vocabulary
- Sag
- Sag
- SaV
- Syllabary A Vocabulary
- Silbenalph.
- Silbenalphabet
- SV A
- Syllable Vocabulary A
- Sª
- Syllabary A
- Sᵇ
- Syllabary B
- Šuʾila
- Šuʾila
- Šurpu
- Šurpu
- Tamartu
- Igidu = tāmartu
- Udug.
- Udug-ḫul
- Ugumu
- Ugumu
- Uruana
- Uruana
Languages51
- Akk.
- Akkadian
- Amor.
- Amorite
- Anat.
- Anatolian
- Ar.
- Arabic
- Aram.
- Aramaic
- Ass.
- Assyrian
- Bab.
- Babylonian
- BAram.
- Biblical Aramaic
- Can.
- Canaanite
- Car.
- Carian
- Copt.
- Coptic
- Eg.
- Egyptian
- Elam.
- Elamite
- ESem.
- East Semitic
- Eth.
- Ethiopic
- Gr.
- Greek
- Hatt.
- Hattic (Proto-Hattic)
- He.
- Hebrew
- Hitt.
- Hittite
- Hurr.
- Hurrian
- Ind.
- Indic
- Iran.
- Iranian
- JAram.
- Jewish Aramaic
- Kass.
- Kassite
- Lat.
- Latin
- Luw.
- Luwian
- Lyd.
- Lydian
- Mand.
- Mandaic
- Meh.
- Mehri
- MHe.
- Middle Hebrew (Mishnaic)
- MPers.
- Middle Persian
- Nab.
- Nabataean Aramaic
- NPers.
- New Persian
- NSum.
- Neo-Sumerian
- NWSem.
- Northwest Semitic
- OAram.
- Old Aramaic
- OPers.
- Old Persian
- OSArab.
- Old South Arabian
- Pal.
- Palaic
- Palm.
- Palmyrene Aramaic
- Phoen.
- Phoenician
- PSem.
- Proto-Semitic
- Sab.
- Sabaic
- Sem.
- Semitic
- Skt.
- Sanskrit
- Soq.
- Soqotri
- Sum.
- Sumerian
- Syr.
- Syriac
- Ug.
- Ugaritic
- Urart.
- Urartian
- WSem.
- West Semitic
Text types7
- adm
- Administrative Texts
- eco
- Economic Texts
- legal
- Legal Texts
- lit
- Literary Texts
- LL
- Lexical Texts
- rel
- Religious Texts
- sci
- Scientific Texts
Verbal stems20
- ?
- Uncertain stem
- D
- D-stem (Doubled stem/Intensive)
- Dt
- Dt-stem (D with t-infix)
- Dtn
- Dtn-stem (D with tan-infix, iterative)
- Dtr
- Dtr-stem (D with tr-infix)
- Dtt
- Dtt-stem (D with tt-infix)
- G
- G-stem (Grundstamm/Basic stem)
- Gt
- Gt-stem (G with t-infix)
- Gtn
- Gtn-stem (G with tan-infix, iterative)
- Gtr
- Gtr-stem (G with tr-infix)
- N
- N-stem (Reflexive/Passive stem)
- Nt
- Nt-stem (N with t-infix)
- Ntn
- Ntn-stem (N with tan-infix, iterative)
- R
- R-stem (Reduplicative stem)
- Š
- Š-stem (Causative stem)
- ŠD
- ŠD-stem (Causative-Intensive)
- Št
- Št-stem (Š with t-infix)
- Št₁
- Št₁-stem (Š with t-infix)
- Št₂
- Št₂-stem (Š with t-infix)
- Štn
- Štn-stem (Š with tan-infix, iterative)
Grammatical terms31
- 1st pers.
- First person
- 2nd pers.
- Second person
- 3rd pers.
- Third person
- adj.
- Adjective
- adv.
- Adverb
- conj.
- Conjunction
- demonstr. pron.
- Demonstrative pronoun
- encl.
- Enclitic
- fem.
- Feminine
- interj.
- Interjection
- interr. pron.
- Interrogative pronoun
- masc.
- Masculine
- MWE
- Multi-word expression
- neg.
- Negation
- num.
- Numeral
- part.
- Particle
- pers. pron.
- Personal pronoun (independent)
- pl.
- Plural
- pl. tant.
- Plurale tantum
- POS
- Parts of speech
- prep.
- Preposition
- pron.
- Pronoun
- pron. suff.
- Pronominal suffix
- ptcp.
- Participle
- rel. pron.
- Relative pronoun
- sgl.
- Singular
- subj.
- Subjunction
- subst.
- Substantive
- suff.
- Derivational suffix
- usu.
- Usually
- v.
- Verb
Suffixes12
- -ā
- Distributive suffix -ā
- -a(m)
- Adverbial accusative suffix -a(m)
- -āj(īt)
- Nisba suffix -āj(īt)
- -ān
- Suffix -ān
- -ī
- Adverbial suffix -ī
- -ī(t)
- Nisba suffix -ī(t)
- -īn
- Suffix -īn
- -iš
- Adverbial suffix -iš
- -ma
- Enclitic suffix -ma
- -šu
- Multiplicative suffix -šu
- -ū(m)
- Suffix -ū(m)
- -ūt
- Abstractum suffix -ūt